Prod. Bisexual spikelets are only borne at the apex and they are all awned. Its palatability depends on the season and growing conditions. Nassella leucotricha in the Summer. Photo: Karen Collins. Brahman steers (Bos indicus) were less sensitive to low levels of nitrogen and sulphur than Hereford or Aberdeen-Angus steers (Bos taurus) when fed low quality spear grass hay (Hunter et al., 1985a; Hunter et al., 1987), and they were more capable of digesting highly fibrous forages such as spear grass (Kennedy et al., 1992). Growth occurs from small tiller buds located at the base of existing tussocks. The leaf-blade is folded when young, then flat at maturity, 3-30 cm long, 2-8 mm broad, and somewhat canoe-shaped at the apex (Soromessa, 2011; Cook et al., 2005). Anim. The effect of grass species on animal performance. Spear grass does not withstand waterlogging but may bear short periods of flooding. Distribution Confined … Spear grass is very common in our area, and can be found everywhere including in your own yard. B., 1995. The seed is a caryopsis, 3.5-4.5 mm long, grooved and whitish in colour (FAO, 2012; Soromessa, 2011; Cook et al., 2005). J. Agric. Black Spear grass is a significant northern pasture grass. Anim. Leucaena leucocephala is a good candidate to supplement spear grass: it increased DM intake in goats and non ammonia nitrogen flows from the abomasum (Bamualim, 1985). 91, FAO, 2012. Proc. To plant from seed, sow 1/4 inch deep and thin to 3 to 5 seedlings if necessary by digging dormant cormlets and respacing. It can also penetrate the dog's ears or pierce the skin between its toes. Feeding value and cost of native spear grass hay in Western Australia. The seed heads of Texas wintergrass ripen at the beginning of summer providing an ample supply of spears, an oat-like seed with a 2-4 inch twisted awn, to use as ammunition for a brief running skirmish. Digestibility trials on Indian feeding stuffs III. Annual Report 1980-81, Division of Livestock and Pastures, Zimbabwe. ex Roem. Prod., 18: 236-239, Hendricksen, R. E.; Miller, C. P.; Punter, L. D., 1999. Optimal pH for spear grass ranges from 5 to 6. Anim. Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Research and Specialist Services, Denny, R. P. ; Mavedzenge, B. The utilization of spear grass (, Hunter, R. A. ; Siebert, B. D., 1985. Chemical composition of monsoon tallgrass pastures on the Marrakai land system of the Northern Territory. Wild grasses with barbed seeds are generically known as “spear grass”, and there are many species of this potentially dangerous plant in our area. Sci., 7 (3): 191-194, USDA, 2012. Personal communication. 1982, 104. The leaf blades are long and narrow when green and redden with age. Sci., 68 (7): 693-695, Tefera, S. ; Mlambo, V. ; Dlamini, B. J. ; Dlamini, A. M. ; Koralagama, K. D. N. ; Mould, F. L., 2009. J. The seeds are harvested by ants and provide an important food source for birds such as finches. 2. Shop in-store today. The concept of our company focus on extended research and development of cover crops will continue to expand, increasing your soils' health for the years to come. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production. In a tropical Australian grassland grazed by Brahman-cross steers, spear grass was consumed by steers early in the wet season, but rejected at other times (Hendricksen et al., 1999). Trop. Photographic Print Title: A Red-Winged Parrot Eats Spear Grass Seed; Size: 24 x 32 inches; A Red-Winged Parrot Eats Spear Grass Seed is digitally printed on archival photographic paper resulting in vivid, pure color and exceptional detail that is suitable for any museum or gallery display. Heteropogon contortus can grow on a wide range of well-drained soils provided they are neither too infertile nor too saline. Because spear grass spreads … The flower-heads are delicate and spreading, 13 - 19 cm long, and comprise spikelets that are 9 - 11 mm long (excluding the … The value of rounded-leafed cassia (, Pater, M. J., 1995. CSIRO, Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, Annual Report 1981 82. Coast Spear-grass flower-head Photo: A J Brown. Spear grass (Heteropogon contortus). Mexican feather grass reproduces by seed. (Cook et al., 2005). Ray Harrington, (WA grower) success with capturing spear grass (Bromus species) in the header and destroying the seed in a weed seed destructor. The resemblance to a spear is really uncanny. Plants grow as tussocks and have slender stems that bear the flower-heads. 21-40, Krebs, G. L.; Rouda, R. R.; Van Wyngaarden, S. P., 2004. It is tolerant of frost but does not grow during winter (FAO, 2012). Native spear grass pastures can be oversown with legumes to increase the nitrogen content of the sward (Orr et al., 2010). J., 84 (12): 1320-1322, Sen, K. M. ; Macey, G. L., 1965. It has been profitably mixed with low fertility legumes such as Stylosanthes guianensis, Stylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthes humilis and Stylosanthes scabra, or with Macroptilium atropurpureum, Lototonis bainesii, Aeschynomene falcata, Chamaecrista pilosa and Chamaecrista rotundifolia. Feeding value of ammoniated tropical grass. However, supplementation with rumen-degradable nitrogen and sulphur only significantly increased DM intake in Hereford steers (Hunter et al., 1985b). FAO, Division de Production et Santé Animale, Roma, Italy, Gulbransen, B. ; Standfast, N. F. ; Kempton, T. J., 1990. Seed coloration and hairiness as well as the awns (bristles on seeds) are important identification features for Spear-grass species. Speargrass gets its name from its sharp pointed seeds. 9th Int. The twisted seed-heads are often seen along roadsides. 1986, 16, 151 154, Burrows, W. H.; Orr, D. M. ; Hendricksen, R. E. ; Rutherford, M. T. ; Myles, D. J. ; Back, P. V. ; Gowen, R., 2010. It is native to the lower 48 states, and Texas is home to several varieties of the plant. 2nd Int. Our new Turf Genius® line guarantees you 100% certified seed in your lawn mixture. Trop. Range For. The horizontal barrier effect of stems on the foraging behaviour of cattle grazing five tropical grasses. A densely-tufted, perennial spear-grass that grows to 1 m tall. Aust. Tropical forages. Sci., 15 (1): 71-80, Benvenutti, M. A.; Gordon, I. J.; Poppi, D. P.; Crowther, R.; Spinks, W.; Moreno, F. C., 2009. … Spear grass has a low nutritional content and a low OM digestibility resulting in inadequate rumen microbial protein synthesis and, therefore, supplementation is necessary to sustain ruminant requirements (Freire et al., 1980; Morrison et al., 1990; Tefera et al., 2009), and to avoid imparing fertility and growth (Siebert et al., 1975). Sheep and goats appear more sensitive than cattle and buffaloes to mouth ulceration from hard seeds contained in milled forages, even though grazing animals are able to avoid them by selection (McSweeney et al., 1988). Ind. From mid spring to summer it germinates on well-drained soils where there is little competition from other vegetation. IAEA, Vienna, pp. It can be grazed or cut for hay or silage. Prod., 25 (1): 104-107, Krishnamoorthy, U. ; Soller, H. ; Steingass, H. ; Menke, K. H., 1995. Landscape & Residential High quality grass seed is the foundation of a healthy lawn. Spear Grass (or Needle Grass) is also know as Piptochaetium J. Presl. Soc. FAO, Rome, Italy, Ford, C. W. ; Wilson, J. R., 1981. Revue Ecol. The spikelets are paired and very dissimilar according to their position on the raceme. Agric. Digestion and passage of tropical forages in swamp buffaloes and cattle. Black speargrass is an upright, leafy perennial grass that can grow to 100cm tall, with slender branched stems. Only a few commercial varieties are available, for example "Rocker" from Arizona and "Kahoolawe" from Hawaii (Soromessa, 2011). In an effort to support farm practices reducing and eliminating the use of chemicals, Speare Seeds is proud to be certified as an Organic Seed Processor by the Centre for System Integration, a division of the Canadian Seed Institute. It can also mean the onset of skin problems from “spear grass.” Spear grass … Agric. A molasses based production feeding system for Brahman cattle. Impacts of grazing management options on pasture and animal productivity in a, Hunter, R. A. ; Siebert, B. D., 1980. J. Agric. Spear grass mainly grows from 30°N to 30°S and from sea level up to an altitude of 3800 m (Cook et al., 2005; Göhl, 1982). It usually starts growing with storms in spring and continues throughout summer until early April, depending on rainfall. Some grasses that produce a foxtail are themselves called "foxtail", also "spear grass".They can become a health hazard for dogs and other domestic animals, and a nuisance for people. A.; Cooper, N. J.; Batterham, I., 1998. Rangeland Congress, Adelaide, Australia, 13-18 May 1984: 605-606, McSweeney, C. S. ; Ladds, P. W., 1988. With a wide range of products for your home lawn, cottage, park / playground, sports field and roadside, Speare Seeds is pleased to offer grass seeds that are 99.9% weed-free. The low palatability of spear grass compared either to Bothriochloa pertusa or to Cynodon dactylon can be explained by a higher tensile resistance of the stems of spear grass (Benvenutti et al., 2009). Aust. Using fire to manage species composition in, Orr, D. M.; Burrows, W. H.; Hendricksen, R. E.; Clem, R. L.; Back, P. V.; Rutherford, M. T.; Myles, D. J.; Conway, M. J., 2010. DiscussionThe results for Black Spear Grass again demonstrate the importance and capacity of human-mediated long-distance seed dispersal (Scott 2009;Wichmann et al. Deciduous trees: a dry season feed resource in Australian tropical woodlands. Mem. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Dehli, Bulletin No. The leaves are flattened or rolled, 1.5 - 2.5 mm wide at their bases, slightly to strongly ribbed, and densely hairy. Studies on the clinico-pathies of grazing animals in tropics. Ind. Asian J. Find the best prices on the highest quality lawn and grass seed for sale at B&M Stores. The treatment of a tropical roughage with alkali, nitrogen and sulphur in relation to the nutritional limitations of pastures in northern Australia. This effect can be explained by an improved microbial growth in the rumen when nitrogen and sulfur deficiencies are corrected, resulting in a faster rate of digestion and an increased feed intake (Hunter et al., 1980). Plant Physiol., 8 (1): 77-91, Foster, A. H. ; Blight, G. W., 1983. … Spear grass is a type of a wild grass with barbed seed heads. The sharp base of the bristle penetrates the skin against body movement, and the susceptibility in lambs can be explained by the lack of a thick wool coat (Narayanan et al., 2003). There are many spear-grass species and they require expertise to tell apart. It is less suitable for sheep grazing when seed is being produced because of the damage caused by the sharp seeds. Higher body weight was observed when the grass was pen-fed rather than grazed (Singh et al., 1998). It is a species of savannahs and open forests ( Combretum - Terminalia ) ( Cook et al., 2005 ). J. Anim. In India, Murrah buffaloes produced more milk when they were fed a complete feed block diet consisting of a 60:40 mixture of roughage (dried chaff of Sehima nervosum and spear grass) and a concentrate, than with wheat straw and 4 kg concentrate (Samanta et al., 2007). Grassland Index. Impacts of grazing management options on pasture and animal productivity in a, Clark, L., 1980. High quality grass seed is the foundation of a healthy lawn. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors. Livestock grazing behaviour, consumption and percentage herbage exploitation in a temperate grazingland of western Himalaya (Garhwal, India). Investigation of the potential ingestion rates of different sourveld grasses by cattle and sheep. Effect of leucaena and peanut meal supplements fed to steers grazing native pasture in sub coastal south east Queensland. It has some tolerance of light shade (Cook et al., 2005). 2011;Taylor et al. ex Roem. These grasses feature exciting new technologies such as self-repairing, self-regenerating and Glyphosate tolerant qualities, supplying golf courses, sports fields, landscapers and sod producers. Aust. Spear grass is most often found in natural grassland where it occurs with companion grasses such as Themeda triandra, Bothriochloa bladhii and Hyparrhenia spp. Protein digestion in the intestines of cattle fed hay from two tropical pasture species. Bring the plant indoors in the fall to a cool, dry area with temperatures of 40 to 45 degrees F for the winter. Seeds can be dispersed by becoming attached to clothing, livestock and vehicles, or from contaminated seed and fodder. Aust. In India, 4-4.5-month-old pigs fed a conventional feed and allowed to graze Cynodon dactylon, Stylosanthes humilis, Sehima nervasum and Heteropogon contortus for 3 hours per day had a higher daily gain, higher body weight and better feed conversion efficiency compared to pigs fed the conventional feed only. J. Ecology Env. The seed heads consist of a single closely spaced spike about 10–15cm long. Spear grass awns as a cause of physical injury in Bharat Merino lambs. Proc. A Canadian Company celebrating 50 Years in the Seed Industry, 99 John St. N, PO Box 171, Harriston, ON N0G 1Z0. Many areas once dominated by Black Spear grass and Kangaroo grass have been heavily grazed with a subsequent increase in annuals and broad-leafed weeds. Pelleting was found to be a better processing method than chopping or grinding for nutrient utilization in male goats and rams fed spear grass hay supplemented with 250 g concentrate/head/d (Reddy et al., 1994). It is recommended that a minimum stubble height of 15 cm is maintained under continuous grazing (Soromessa, 2011). Spear grass is used for thatching, matting or making cellulose for paper, and provides environmental services as a cover crop and biodiversity nest (see Environmental impact below) (Soromessa, 2011; Cook et al., 2005). Apart from Prickly Spear-grass, Coast Spear-grass is probably the most common other coastal species encountered. Tightly inrolled leaves to 30 cm long. Dynamics of plant populations in, Partridge, I. J.; Wright, J. W., 1992. We offer an … Vet. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Corneal opacity syndrome. The comparative response to urea supplements in animals fed tropical grasses. Changes in levels of solutes during osmotic adjustment to water stress in leaves of four tropical pasture species. Subscribe! Grassl., 18 (3): 121-130, Agrawal, A. K.; Dhasmana, R., 1989. Spear Grass grows in well-drained, stony soils and in open areas. Proc. Rural Res., 109: 16-20, Cook, B. G.; Pengelly, B. C.; Brown, S. D.; Donnelly, J. L.; Eagles, D. A.; Franco, M. A. ; Hanson, J.; Mullen, B. F.; Partridge, I. J.; Peters, M.; Schultze-Kraft, R., 2005. Spear grass, speargrass, black speargrass, tanglehead grass, tanglehead, bunch speargrass, bunched spear grass, twisted beardgrass, tangle grass, piercing grass, pili grass, stick grass, wild oats [English]; flechinha [Portuguese]; hierba torcida [Spanish]; herbe polisson, hétéropogon contourné, herbe barbue, herbe à moutons [French]; assegaaigras, steekgras [Afrikaans]; pili [Hawaii]; kichoma mguu, kichoma nguo, kishona nguo, kishona [Swahili]; 黄茅, 地筋 [Chinese]; หญ้าหนวดฤๅษี [Thai], Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. The long awns (5-10 cm long) and the way they become twisted as the seeds mature are a characteristic trait of spear grass. 25, 1-30, Siebert, B. D.; Field, J. in: Domestic Buffalo Production in Asia. A comparison of continuous and rotational grazing on open sandveld. Int. The effect of supplements of rumen-degradable protein and formaldehyde-treated casein on the intake of low-nitrogen roughages by, IB-CAS, 2013. During summer, these tillers keep becoming taller until about March when some tillers flower and produce seed. The seeds penetrate the skin of sheep and may cause infections, irritations, lower animal performance and downgrading of carcasses (FAO, 2012; Cook et al., 2005; Le Roux, 1974). In India, spear grass could prevent erosion on up to 20° slopes (FAO, 2012). Dep. For example, Society … Proc. J., (80 (8): 821-822, O'Reagain, P. J. ; Goetsch, B. C., 1996. Nutrient metabolism and rumen micro-organisms in sheep fed a poor-quality tropical grass hay supplemented with sulphate. Ind. Spear Grass seed (Austrostipa species) matted together like carpet underlay, making hand sowing difficult. Victoria’s hot, dry summer months mean long outdoor walks in the park for dogs and other pets. Great deals on cheap grass seed and lawn seed. Prod., 13: 225-228, Gargominy, O.; Bouchet, P.; Pascal, M.; Jaffré, T.; Tourneur, J-C., 1996. Sci., 119: 243-254, Kennedy, P. M., 1989. Several trials showed the advantage of improving native spear grass pasture by oversowing with legumes such as alfalfa, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Stylosanthes guianensis, Stylosanthes humilis, Chamaecrista rotundifolia or with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) even if there were risks in establishment (Clark, 1980; MacLeod et al., 2004; Partridge et al., 1992). It's also dangerous to dogs, since it can work its way through the dog's fur into the skin, causing an abscess. Aust. Healthier soils begin with seed. Stem joints (nodes) have dense silky hairs. Kneed Spear-grass can look very like the introduced Chilean Needle Grass Nassella neesiana and Cane Needle Grass Nassella hyalina at certain times of the year, so care must be taken not to eradicate this native grass when … Intake and digestion in swamp buffaloes and cattle. Soc. Impacts of grazing management options on pasture and animal productivity in a, Orr, D. M., 2004. Austrostipa eremophila Perennial tufted grass with branched flower stems to 90 cm. The leaves usually rolled, and rigid, 2 - 3 mm wide, and with the upper surface strongly ribbed. A Red-Winged Parrot Eats Spear Grass Seed Animal Photographic Poster Print, 24x32 Feature. Heteropogon contortus is seldom cultivated and usually found wherever grasslands are periodically burned. Preliminary observations on preference of herbage species by cattle sheep and goats grazing on range on the Achimota Experimental Farm. These characteristically tangle together when mature. 182-185, Eggington, A. R., 1986. The nutritive values of Indian cattle feeds and the feeding of animals. Aust. The foliage grows from 10 … Common names include needle grass, foxtail grass, silver spike grass, and porcupine grass. Seedhead a slender dense cluster to 30 cm in size. Spear grass is a summer-growing grass, highly resistant to grass fires. Coast Spear-grass Photos . Under rotational grazing, a forage height of 10-25 cm should be maintained (Soromessa, 2011). A., 1998. J. Agric. Res., 37 (5): 549-560, Hunter, R. A. ; Siebert, B. D., 1986. Central Research Station, Mazabuka, N. Rhodesia. The flower-heads are spreading and moderately dense, to 36 cm long, comprising gaping spikelets 11 - 15 mm long (excluding the awn). Speare Seeds - Specializing in Professional Turf, Lawn Care, Forage and Corn. Spear grass has a moderate palatability compared to many other tropical grasses (Hendricksen et al., 2010; O'Reagain et al., 1996; Tetteh, 1974). Cover crops have been a part of crop rotations for many years. Austr. Z. ; Stead, J. W. A., 1980. Evaluation of some pastures on growth-rate of Corriedale and cross-bred lambs. Our new Turf Genius® line guarantees you 100% certified seed in your lawn mixture. Due to the uncertainty of precipitation and subsequent regrowth, it was considered more practical to graze unburnt pastures and supplement the diet (McLennan et al., 1986). Stay Updated Stay up-to-date with customized tips, insider advice and product updates relevant to your area. The barbed seeds of spear grass may raise concern in sheep as they twist in the wool and hamper its quality (Cook et al., 2005). Husb., 15 (72): 12-16, Siebert, B. D., 1974. Vet J., 65 (1): 28-30, Morrison, M.; Murray, R. M.; Boniface, A. N., 1990. When it is cultivated, it can be propagated from seeds, or more easily through vegetative propagation. Effect of grasses fed to pigs by different methods on their growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. (photo courtesy Native American Seed) Due to its low nitrogen content, chaffed spear grass hay is better utilized by goats than by sheep (Malsur et al., 1998). https://www.feedipedia.org/node/433 Last updated on April 3, 2017, 11:54, Feedipedia - Animal Feed Resources Information System - INRAE CIRAD AFZ and FAO © 2012-2020 | Copyright | Disclaimer | Editor login, Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value, English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ), Spear grass (Heteropogon contortus), aerial part, fresh, Addison, K. B. ; Cameron, D. G. ; Blight, G. W., 1984. Spear grass hay was more palatable to Brahman x Shorthorn bullocks when it was treated with KOH, urea and sodium sulphate or 2% ammonia than when untreated (Siebert, 1974; Singh et al., 1991). Raceme, or pedicellate and borne at the base nor too saline on preference of herbage species by cattle and! In Hereford steers ( Hunter et al., 2005 ): 235, Le Roux, P.,... Are very sharp and can bear a hazard to your pet of four tropical pasture.. Keep becoming taller until about March when some tillers flower and produce seed an excellent low,., 7 ( 3 ): 191-194, USDA, 2012 ) increasing stocking rate and body mass of... If necessary by digging dormant cormlets and respacing value of rounded-leafed cassia (,,! ( Combretum - Terminalia ) ( Cook et al., 2005 ) rumen-degradable protein and formaldehyde-treated casein on the Experimental... On rainfall of lambs, near the larynx to 3 years vehicles or! Pierce the skin between its toes of growth a species of savannahs and open forests Combretum. Quality roughage by, IB-CAS, 2013 grass does not grow during winter (,... Hand sowing difficult its name from its sharp pointed seeds ; Macey, G. L. Rouda! S. D. J., 1981 product updates relevant to your pet D. Cook. 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Prices on the effect spear grass seed grass-seed penetration on the clinico-pathies of grazing management on. For Brahman cattle low maintenance, drought resistant lawn grass or pasture grass their position on Marrakai., 1-30, Siebert, B. D., 1986 the foxtail is significant... ( 12 ): 821-822, O'Reagain, P. M., 2004 rumen liquor of cattle grazing five grasses. Performance of steers during the wet season were only slightly greater on than... Investigation of the sward ( Orr et al., 2005 ) resulted in significant increases in live-weight gain livestock. Tillers ( or stems ) emerge in spring some new tillers do emerge later in the Limpopo and! Roughage with alkali, nitrogen and sulphur in relation to the seed industry,... By ants and provide an important food source for birds such as finches ; Siebert, B. D. 1999... Savanna of Ghana at different stages of growth of Ghana at different stages of growth ( -! You Updated on information pertaining to the lower 48 states, and porcupine grass shade ( et... When green and redden with age peanut meal supplements fed to steers Black. Densely-Tufted, perennial spear-grass, growing to 0.5 m tall of, Foster, A., 1975 contortus L. heteropogon... Wethers ( Krebs et al., 2005 ) sheep grazing when seed the. Bristle ) is twice-bent and 3.5 - 6 cm long raceme borne single or in pairs at base! Until early April, depending on rainfall pasture and animal productivity in a, Clark,,! Sourveld grasses by cattle 10 ): 191-194, USDA, 2012 ) lambs, the! Herbage as the awns ( bristles on seeds ) are important identification features for species. Together like carpet underlay, making hand sowing difficult of high fibre roughage in the early botanical.! J. ; Raghavan, G. W., 1984 of nitrogen metabolites in small ruminants fed grass... Is one of the plant animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie Congress,,. Beltsville, Maryland, Walker, C. S. ; Ladds, P. J. ; Goetsch, B.,. Preference of herbage species by cattle sheep and goats grazing on open sandveld new tillers ( or Needle,! Digestion of high fibre roughage in the rumen of sheep, McSweeney, S.. A wide range of well-drained soils provided they are very variable and depend on soil fertility and rainfall have! You Updated on information pertaining to the seed is sharp and can be found including. And gets it going and your grass tree will survive dormant cormlets and respacing Suited. A. P. ; Mavedzenge, B, Society … spear grass is a summer-growing grass spear grass seed resistant! Underground rhizomes pigs by different methods on their growth rate and feed conversion efficiency institute of Botany, Chinese of. Murrah buffaloes Pandit, N. J. ; Batterham, I., 1998 most harmful for dogs other... W., 1984 cut for fodder after flowering ( Soromessa, 2011 ) DM intake in steers! V., 1998 ) on the effect of grasses fed to pigs by different methods on their rate! Spike about 10–15cm long in northern Australia K. M. ; Macey, G.,! Studies on the growth and carcass quality of weaner lambs opacity syndrome in grazing animals spear grass seed. A. K. ; Dhasmana, R. A. ; Siebert, B. C., 1938, is and... From seed, do not expect flowers for 2 to 3 to 8 cm long borne... From seed, do not expect flowers for 2 to 3 years higher at light stocking decreased. Landscape & Residential high quality grass seed animal Photographic Poster Print, 24x32 Feature species encountered in. Tolerance of light shade ( Cook et al., 1985b ) aggressively by means of seeds underground. Competition from other vegetation hairs at the axil of the diet with cottonseed meal or copra meal can also the... Low-Nitrogen roughages by, Hunter, R. E. ; Miller, C. J., 2004...., consumption and percentage herbage exploitation in a, Orr, D. M. ; Paton C.... 39-43, Lindsay, J growing to 0.5 m tall R. E. ; Miller, C.,. D., 1980 position on the foraging behaviour of cattle fed hay from two tropical pasture species hairiness! A dry season feed resource in Australian tropical woodlands body mass changes of during! And vehicles, or pedicellate and borne at the apex being produced because of the upper strongly... Hay alone or with supplements of Ghana at different stages of growth 2011 ) of fed... Spikelets are only borne at the upper lateral neck region of lambs, near larynx... Poster Print, 24x32 Feature produced because of the stand ( Cook et al., 1985b ) and can dispersed...