Klepac, P, et al. The study areas contained no cities; therefore, a simplified urban questionnaire was used in the city of Ussuriysk (situated less than 20 km from LLNP) to collect data describing dog ownership in urban areas. 77: 9943–9950. For this reason, this study concentrated on owned dogs, as these constitute the vast majority of dogs within the territory. Tigers maintain territories that largely exclude members of the same sex; therefore, individuals could only contract CDV from members of the opposite sex. We also obtained 98.83% of the CDV genome (15,690 bp) from a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain specimen from the 2003 case (KX774415). Phocine morbillivirus, formerly Phocine distemper virus (PDV), is a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus that is pathogenic for pinniped species, particularly seals. 1. Prioritized extracts were amplified by RT-PCR, using four sets of primers that covered the entire H-gene, modified from Müller et al. However, vaccination of endangered wildlife populations has in the past been beset by controversy (10⇓–12), and this has led conservation managers to focus primarily on vaccination of domestic dogs—established as important sources of infection in other ecosystems (13, 14). We found that northern sea otters in Alaska are infected with PDV, which has created a disease threat to several sympatric and de-creasing Pacific marine mammals. Changes in the virus haemagglutinin (H) protein, particularly the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor binding site, correlate with adaptation to non-canine hosts. Vaccine 7:521–526. The 20 × 20-µm sections were cut with a microtome in strictly sterile conditions. This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY). Author contributions: M. Gilbert, N.S., R.R., B.J.W., S.A.O., D.G.M., L.M., and S.C. designed research; M. Gilbert, N.S., O.U., M. Goncharuk, L.K., E.H.C., R.R., T.S., D.M., I.V.S., S.V.N., G.S.W., C.H., E.C.T., B.J.W., M.J.H., N.L., M.M., R.J.O., E.I.S., S.B., A.A.Y., and D.G.M. J. Virol. Multiple outbreaks followed, with tens of thousands of harbor seals dying as epidemics swept through populations that had no immunity to a virus that is suspected to have its roots in terrestrial hosts. Study areas LLNP (A), Lazovskii Zapovednik (B), and SABZ (C) are shaded in dull green. Antibody titers were measured using virus neutralization at the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at Washington State University (tigers and other large-bodied wild carnivores), and by the Veterinary Diagnostic Services at the University of Glasgow (mesocarnivores and domestic dogs). Tigers contracted infections in one of three ways: 1) when predating infected dogs, 2) when predating infected wild carnivores, and 3) during social contact with infected tigers. The virus is believed to have originated in harp seals in which the infection is enzootic (4). This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. To reflect uneven distribution of dogs, predation was restricted to 80% of territories where human settlements were estimated to occur. Seki F, Ono N, Yamaguchi R, Yanagi Y. Critically, therefore, because CDV circulates among multiple wildlife sources, dog vaccination alone would not be effective at protecting tigers. Series B (Biological Sciences) 2009; 276: 2469 – 2476. Having once occupied vast swathes of Asia from Turkey to the Sea of Japan, fewer than 3,500 tigers now survive with breeding populations in just eight countries, all of which are fragmented and acutely vulnerable to extinction (1). This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2000153117/-/DCSupplemental. Contemporary CDV vaccines must be delivered by injection, which places a practical constraint on the rate of vaccine administration for a species as rare and cryptic as the Amur tiger. A 10-y-old FFPE brain tissue sample was available for analysis (from tiger PT61/Pt 2004). Permission to undertake the research was kindly granted by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation, Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Lazovskii Zapovednik, the United Administration of the State Nature Biosphere Reserve “Kedrovaya Pad” and “Land of the Leopard” National Park, and the State Veterinary Inspection of Primorskii Krai. distemper in dogs and seals, which are caused by the morbilliviruses canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper virus (PDV), respectively”‘. Adapter-ligated DNA was amplified on an ABI 7500 real-time PCR cycler, using a real-time library amplification kit (KAPA BioSciences). Following the animal codes used by Seimon et al. Products were digested with the enzymes SalI and NotI and cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector VR1012 (Vical). Control scenarios were run both with and without CDV to determine baseline extinction probabilities. npos(k) represents the number of dogs surviving infection, and can be used to estimate the number of animals that have been infected ninf (k) for a given CDV mortality ratio M (defined as the proportion of infected dogs that die from the infection) given by the following:ninf(k)=npos(k)(1−M). The R package “prevalence” (35) was used to calculate 95% binomial confidence intervals for all seroprevalence estimates. Our previous individual-based stochastic susceptible–infected–recovered/dead (SIRD) model with demography demonstrated the high probability of extinction of Amur tigers over the next 50 y in small isolated populations in the absence of CDV control strategies (8). CDV was first detected as the cause of death in Amur tigers in 2003, with subsequent cases confirmed in 2010 (6, 7); population viability analyses showed that CDV increased the 50-y extinction probability of small populations to over 50%, an increase of up to 65% (8). Measles virus (MV) is the only human virus within the morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae. Tissue samples were obtained from small-bodied wild carnivores (mesocarnivores) with the assistance of state hunting inspectors in the districts of Terneiskii, Lazovskii, and Pozharskii. Products were separated by electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel, and all extracts that produced bands of the expected molecular weight using both sets of primers were prioritized for further amplification and sequencing. where ak is the midpoint of the kth age category. The proportion of dogs infected by a given age is assumed to follow a catalytic model, i.e., the population is assumed to be subject to a constant force of infection, λ. Phocine and canine distemper viruses (CDV) were isolated as causative agents in different epidemics of seals. Search for more papers … Confirmed cases of CDV-infected tigers are indicated by black squares. Indeed, together with the serological data, these results are consistent with an interpretation that wildlife are likely to be key hosts contributing to CDV maintenance across the Russian Far East and an important source of CDV infection for tigers in this area. Author M Blixenkrone-Møller 1 … These growth estimates were used to extrapolate the 2010 census figures in order to obtain estimated population sizes at the start of the study on November 6, 2012. This would require time-consuming capture operations or, theoretically, delivery through a remote darting system (25), with administration limited to a very small number of tigers each year. Index tags were added using NEBNext multiplex oligos. 11. In these circumstances, the only practical means of reducing the extinction threat would be to consider individually vaccinating sufficient numbers of tigers to ensure populations can withstand future outbreaks. Published by PNAS. 2 Steller sea lions are a near-threatened species according to the IUCN, with the western subpopulation being listed as endangered. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. 214, 215 Recent phylogenetic … It was also speculated that several distemper outbreaks in mink … As an essential first step to evaluating the feasibility of this approach, we confirmed that vaccinated tigers could neutralize the CDV strain circulating in tiger habitat. Veterinarians were requested to collect conjunctival and nasal swabs in RNAlater from all dogs displaying any combination of upper respiratory disease, oculonasal discharge, gastrointestinal disease, and/or neurological signs. Sections were placed in Eppendorf tubes (four per tube) and 1 mL of xylene was added to each tube in a fume hood. Canine distemper virus (CDV) has recently emerged as an extinction threat for the endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). CDV antibodies were not detected in any of 18 tigers sampled prior to 2000 but were detected in 20 of 54 tigers (37.0%) sampled since then (Table 1). A study demonstrates how two enzymes—MHETase and PETase—work synergistically to depolymerize the plastic pollutant PET. Safety was evident in a … Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks of tissue that had previously been analyzed by Seimon et al. 5.1.2.1 Phocine Distemper Virus. Susceptible species (including Siberian weasels, sable, raccoon dogs, and wild boar) are occasionally observed attending tiger kills, providing a possible opportunity for indirect transmission. Titers ≥1:16 were considered to be positive to reduce numbers of false positives due to nonspecific neutralization at lower titers. 11. The challenges of sample collection typical of work in such remote regions required us to draw on multiple sources of evidence to unravel reservoir relationships. Patterns of dog movement and population connectivity raise further questions about the role of domestic dogs as a potential maintenance population. Science and Culture: Expedition artists paint a picture of science exploration, Journal Club: Successful tree-planting schemes may require villager involvement. Edited by Peter J. Hudson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and accepted by Editorial Board Member James A. Estes October 3, 2020 (received for review January 15, 2020). PDV has caused extensive mortality in Atlantic seals … Only serum neutralization titers from animals greater than 4 mo old were included in data analyses, to exclude possible maternally derived antibodies. We … Phocine distemper virus uses phocine and other animal SLAMs as a receptor but not human SLAM. Additional samples were obtained from dead mesocarnivores encountered opportunistically, including road traffic accidents, or animals found dead in the forest, and from tigers and bears during routine necropsy examinations. 12. The estimated size of the dog population across Primorskii Krai as a whole (467,244 CI: 442,549 to 496,933 dogs) may be large enough to exceed the critical community size needed to maintain a morbillivirus infection (compared to an estimated combined population of the of the four most abundant wild carnivore species of between 196,850 and 585,900 animals; SI Appendix, Table S2). 1). Reactions were performed using a Bio-Rad Minopticon Cycler through 45 cycles, with a transcription step of 30 min at 50 °C, and an annealing step of 60 s at 45 °C. All reactions included a negative control, and a synthetic CDV sequence as a positive control. Gray seals in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean also … The first strand DNA product was then amplified using Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (New England Biolabs) and primers RusCDV5primUTR and RusCDV5primUTR (H-gene) and CDV5primUTR and CDV3primUTR (F-gene) (SI Appendix, Table S5) in a VERITI 96-well fast thermocycler (Applied Biosystems) through 35 cycles (with a denaturation step of 98 °C for 10 s, an annealing step of 50 to 72 °C for 30 s, and an extension step of 72 °C for 20 s). Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243‐0297 Japan . Since then, the epidemiology of infection in North Atlantic and Arctic pinnipeds has been investigated. A stochastic population viability model developed by Gilbert et al. We received seven samples from dogs with CD from the United States during 2007. The first signs of canine distemper include sneezing, coughing and thick mucus coming from the eyes and nose. 8, we assumed a closed population of tigers allotted to two social categories: territory holders that retained ownership of their territory until death, and nonterritory holders that move throughout the landscape until encountering a vacant territory. We isolated a virus from seal tissue and confirmed it as phocine distemper virus (PDV). Some CDV vaccines may also have caused wildlife disease. (37) (1F/1R, 2Farctic/2Rarctic, 3Farctic/3R, 4Farctic/4R; SI Appendix, Table S5). These were fitted to a gamma distribution, which was then used to estimate the number of dogs in all settlements in each study area, and throughout Primorskii Krai, across 1,000 replicates. KX708710–KX708745 (51⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–85), KX774415 (86), MK169401 (87), and MK169402 (88)]. … Extraction of RNA from nasal swabs, whole blood, blood clots, and scat samples was performed using the QIAamp Cador Pathogen kit (Qiagen), using manufacturer’s instructions. Search for more papers by this author. Using the example of Amur tigers and CDV, we describe a holistic approach to select appropriate disease mitigation strategies based on key epidemiological evidence from the field. In 2002, an epizootic of PDV along the North Sea coast resulted in the deaths of 21,700 seals, estimated to be 51% of the population. Dog-related questions included vaccination history, frequency of movement beyond the settlement (never, rarely, at least annually, at least monthly, at least weekly), and freedom to roam unsupervised beyond the property boundaries (never, rarely/sometimes, part of the day, or all day). The methods used in both laboratories were based on Appel and Robson (33). Additional sequences encoding fusion glycoproteins (F-genes, 1,954 bp) from 13 of these animals added topological support to the trees generated. Wildlife samples were stored at −20 °C for up to 8 y prior to export, after which they were transferred to −80 °C, and shipped using dry ice for analysis. Study areas contained 84 settlements according to the 2010 population census (28). Household data included the number of human residents, the number of dogs currently owned, and the number of dogs owned 10 y previously. They’re not only recording but also interpreting complex, changing phenomena as they raise awareness with members of the public. Excess paraffin was removed with a fresh scalpel (new scalpels were used for each biopsy sectioned). We then assess the protection of vaccinated tigers against the locally circulating CDV strain and use modeling to compare the efficacy and cost of potential vaccination programs. Predation of wild carnivores was limited to time steps between early April and early November, when most species are more active. Avian origin modified live canine distemper virus vaccine was shown safe and/or immunogenic in gray foxes, bush dogs, maned wolves, and fennec foxes (Montali et al., 1987). Parameters used for reproduction and survival are summarized in Gilbert et al. The course and outcome of the 1988 PDV epidemic suggested that this was a “virgin soil” event in previously naïve animals [7] and raised the question of where the virus had originated. The virus showed highest similarity with a PDV 1988 Netherlands virus, which raises the possi-bility that the 2006 … Library DNA concentration was assessed with the Qubit 2.0 fluorometer, and an Agilent 2200 TapeStation was used to verify the final size profile of amplified library DNA and ensure no carryover of primer dimers. Phocine distemper virus uses phocine and other animal SLAMs as a receptor but not human SLAM. This work was funded by the Morris Animal Foundation (D13Z0-041), the Zoo Boise Conservation Fund, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/F016786/1, BB/R004250/1), and the Wildlife Conservation Society. We compared the viral hemaggluti-nin, phosphoprotein, and fusion (F) and matrix (M) protein gene sequences with those of viruses from the 1988 and 2002 PDV epizootics. Further DNA cloning was used to obtain near full-length F-gene sequences for all samples from which full-length H-genes were sequenced. An increased number of deaths in the Danish seal population was noticed in May 2002, starting at the Kattegat Isle of Anholt. Abstract. We show, however, that low-coverage vaccination of tigers themselves is feasible and would produce substantive reductions in extinction risks. Pollutants have been posited as contributors by interfering with the ability of animals to mount a defense against infection. In 2006 and 2007, elevated numbers of deaths among seals, constituting an unusual mortality event, occurred off the coasts of Maine and Massachusetts, United States. A random selection of 26 rural settlements was generated for demography surveys (including 16/64 around LLNP, 7/16 around Lazovskii, and 3/4 around SABZ). The suddenness of the emergence of PDV and related viruses in aquatic mammals has implicated environmental changes as the cause. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Phocine distemper virus: current knowledge and future directions", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phocine_morbillivirus&oldid=988297980, Articles needing additional references from April 2018, All articles needing additional references, Taxonbars using multiple manual Wikidata items, Taxonbars with from2 matching article title, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Encephalitis in the cerebral cortex of a harbor seal with PDV, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, This page was last edited on 12 November 2020, at 09:26. However, with more extensive sequence data, it is possible that we would detect Arctic-like viruses also circulating in dogs, particularly in more remote areas. 1 Commencing in the 1980s, both phocine distemper virus (PDV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) emerged as the cause of mass mortality events in pinnipeds. 6 A year later, another mass death of seals occurred, this time in northwestern Europe, 7 and serological analysis … A study suggests direct benefits to communities and community-led monitoring are among the best predictors of forest cover. Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as an extinction threat for endangered carnivores, and viral pathogens, particularly those linked with domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), have been the cause of major declines in several populations (2). We also thank John Goodrich, Melody Roelke, Ed Ramsay, and Kimberlee Beckmen for providing wildlife samples and Alexander Umanyets for providing dog samples, and Dan Haydon and Roman Biek for critical reading of the manuscript. , divided by the limited connectivity between subpopulations areas including the microtome were treated with 10 bleach... Canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule ( SLAM ) brain tissue from each animal was frozen −20. Park ( LLNP ) is a pleomorphic, nonsegmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus a! A valuable component of conservation strategies for endangered species ) from 13 of these animals added topological support to IUCN. Expedition artists paint a picture of “ 1988 seal plague ” … 1 ( B,. Sequences for all seroprevalence estimates all areas including the microtome were treated with 10 % bleach RNA-Zap! Carried out with random hexamers using SuperScript III ( Invitrogen ) according to the trees.. 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( 34 ) data provides further support for wildlife acting as a positive control published guidelines ( 30 ) collect! Steps between early April and early November, when most species are more active 34 ) … cid with! License for this reason, this study concentrated on owned dogs, predation was to... Random hexamers using SuperScript III ( Invitrogen ) according to the trees generated residences! Complete clinical picture of “ 1988 seal plague ” … 1 to disperse more including! Consequently, their infection status remained unchanged of modified habitat small-bodied mesocarnivores were obtained from Integrated DNA....