Always use good hunter safety practices and follow local laws and regulations when using fire arms to depopulate. Abide by any limitation of use (for example: use only between Nov. 1 and March 30) and other label restrictions. The young are weaned at five weeks and are foraging above ground by June. Product labels vary among manufacturers and with time. You will often see two ground squirrels running … Apply poison bait only once per year. 8/98. Place no more than 1 teaspoon (4 grams) of bait per spot. Webmaster | Immediately plug the opening with moist soil or a piece of sod placed grass-side down to form an airtight seal. Disclaimer | Fox, Pine Squirrel Marmot Wyoming Ground Squirrel Badger, Fox, Mink, Skunk, etc. Licenses must be applied for, and some are selected at random. If you encounter a badger, vacate the area as quickly as possible. Ground Squirrel Hunting Trips, Guides and Oufitters. Ripping did not reduce ground squirrel numbers on sites where control was unsuccessful. The animals are not nearly as large as prairie dogs but are sometimes mistaken as such. ©2021, Colorado State University Extension, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA. The problem is that most of the burrows are on hillsides or at least uneven ground, making it difficult to set traps effectively. Wyoming ground squirrels stay alert on open ground. William L. Burnett, Bulletin of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, 1931 ; This ground squirrel article is a stub. To my knowledge, there have never been such squirrels in this area before. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Wyoming ground squirrels compete with livestock for forage and can destroy food crops. Wyoming ground squirrels are important members of the ecosystems in which they live. Ranchers in the Crested Butte and Gunnison areas are calling it more of a horror story. For effective management of problem ground squirrels, a population must be kept under constant shooting pressure. They have no stripes. They compete with livestock for forage and can destroy food crops. For information on how to obtain season licenses for harvest, visit the Colorado … ***Distribution Map: Armstrong, David M., James P. Fitzgerald, and Carron A. Meaney. Bask in Nature. 1700 South Broadway, New Ulm, MN 56073. Animal Health Division, Colorado Department of Agriculture, CSU Horticulture Agents and Specialists Blog, Capric Acid: A Promising Next-Generation Herbicide for Organic Specialty Crop Production, Columnar and Fastigiate Trees for CO Landscapes, Management-intensive Grazing (MiG) on Irrigated Pasture, Pulse Crops and their Key Role as Staple Foods in Healthful Eating Patterns, Integrated Hive Management for Colorado Beekeepers, Management-intensive Grazing (MiG) and Soil Health. In brushy country, Wyoming ground squirrel burrows often are identified by a substantial pile of debris (sticks, rocks, sagebrush leaves) that covers the area downslope from the burrow entrance. Set realistic goals such as minimizing the rodent number on your property by using exclusion methods, eliminating desirable habitat or food sources. Nestled in the Sierra Madres, Three Forks Ranch is a sanctuary for thousands of species of wildlife, birds, trees, and flowers. Ground squirrels are hosts for fleas and may act as carriers for bubonic plague. Carry shipping papers containing the following information: proper shipping name (aluminum phosphide), hazard class/division number (4.3), material identification number (UN1397), packing group designation (PG 1), subsidiary hazards (poison 6.1 inhalation hazard), and amount of product in quantity and total gross weight. Place placards on all four sides of vehicle being used to transport fumigant. Andelt, Colorado State University professor emeritus, fish, wildlife and conservation biology; S.N. Formerly called “Richardson’s ground squirrel,” the Wyoming ground squirrel averages 10 to 15 inches long and weighs 9 to 14 ounces as an adult. El Paso County Colorado. Finally decieded to make my mark here in CO. The Wyoming ground squirrel is one of six species of ground squirrels found in Colorado. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado… The first step to resolving the problem is to identify which animal (or animals) caused the damage. Apply to CSU | "40 Years In Business - Thousands Of Successful Hunts" Experience Montana Prairie Dog hunting and shooting with Bearpaw Outfitters. Employment | Fumigants are most effective when used in moist soils in early spring. Find Wyoming Ground Squirrel Outside Den Colorado stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Colorado hunting seasons, bagging totals and available licenses vary by region. The other species do very little damage to crops, with the exception of the striped ground squirrel in eastern Colorado… This includes name of person transporting, date, time started on duty, and time going off duty. I am aiming for Fox squirrels since they are bigger and better! Some species also live in the mountains. [W. L. Burnett] on Amazon.com. Don’t shoot within ¼ mile of any roadway. The best deer, elk, bear and other big game outfitters in Texas, Colorado … A full grown one will be about the size of a thin 20oz soda bottle. Aluminum phosphide emits a poisonous gas (hydrogen phosphide), whereas gas cartridges produce a suffocating gas primarily composed of carbon monoxide. Wyoming also has several species of gophers but these animals are seldom seen above ground. Download/ View This item appears in the following Collection(s) The eyes are surrounded by a … According to the Colorado Division of Wildlife, nearly every part of Colorado is home to at least one species of ground squirrel. 03/23/04. Early control is enhanced by cold weather and minimal vegetative growth that makes bait more desirable to ground squirrels. **S. Bokan, Small Acreage Coordinator Boulder County; K. Crumbaker, Ag and Natural Resources Agent Larimer County; T. Hoelsi, Extension County Director Grand County; D. Lester, Extension County Director Park County and I. Shonle, Extension County Director Gilpin County. Not many people hunt squirrels during the winter months. Unlike other burrowing animals, the Wyoming ground squirrel is considered a small game species in Colorado, allowing licensed hunters to harvest them year-round without a limit. Accessible Hunting; Hunter Education; Accessible Boating; Boating Safety; Animals; West Nile Virus; Hunter Ed; Publications; Get Email Updates ; Login; Wyoming Ground Squirrel. They are quite common in the higher rocky areas of Colorado Springs. problem of squirrel injury and control is purely a local one. No endorsement of products mentioned is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. Ground squirrel hunting is legal for the following species: White-tailed Antelope squirrel, Uinta Ground squirrel, Piute ground squirrel (western Idaho populations), Belding's Ground squirrel, Columbian Ground squirrel, two subspecies of Wyoming ground squirrel (east Idaho populations), and; Yellow … Description. So many squirrels at whatever range you want you can't even imagine it. Order: Rodentia. Aluminum phosphide appears to provide the best control when soil temperatures are above 60 degrees F. To use the gas cartridge, punch at least five or six holes in one end with a nail or ice pick. CSU Extension - A division of the Office of Engagement. A Contribution to the Life History of the Wyoming Ground Squirrel (Citellus Elegans) in Colorado. Below are links to information from … Find out their life, habits, and tips to remove their nests. In a pinch they will eat insects, bird eggs, flowers, and buds, and when things get really bad, they will eat the bark off … Bait acceptance is high in June and July because Wyoming ground squirrels are eating to build fat reserves for winter. There are many burrowing animals (pocket gophers, prairie dogs, voles and Wyoming ground squirrels) in Colorado that can cause damage to lawns, gardens, and pastures. For small populations, wire-mesh cage traps can be set anywhere that squirrels frequent. The underside of the tail is buff. The Wyoming ground squirrel used to be confined to northwest and central Colorado. Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. They compete with livestock for food and can destroy crops. Ground squirrels and … Family: Scuiridae. Wyoming ground squirrels prefer green foliage, such as grasses, but also eat forbs and shrubs. The … Long-term Trend. Do not place bait in the burrows because squirrels forage above ground and are wary of any food found in the burrow. For information on how to obtain season licenses for harvest, visit the Colorado Parks and Wildlife website. Wyoming Ground Squirrel | Colorado | Donna Pomeroy | Flickr ... Colorado A Contribution to the Life History of the Wyoming Ground Squirrel (Citellus Elegans) in Colorado. • Squirrel • Ground Squirrel • Starlings • Turkey . Like Motorhead said those look like Belding ground squirrels. Have $1,000,000 insurance if transporting aluminum phosphide in a vehicle with a greater than 10,000 pound gross vehicle weight rating or if transporting over a state line. Poison grain bait is the most practical method for controlling large numbers of Wyoming ground squirrels. Since females emerge one to two weeks after males, do not start baiting at the first sign of activity. According to the Colorado Division of Wildlife, nearly every part of Colorado is home to at least one species of ground squirrel. Formerly called “Richardson’s ground squirrel,” the Wyoming ground squirrel averages 10 to 15 inches long and … Bell Laboratories’ ZP Rodent Bait AG™ is approved for use from July through December on rangelands but doesn’t have a seasonal restriction on other areas. Choose the most effective, least toxic rodenticide to minimize potential non-target poisoning. Diphacinone (Ramik Green™), strychnine, and 1080 grain baits are no longer legal for use on Wyoming ground squirrels in Colorado. Do not put treated bait in piles. Which is like 3 hours away from me. Taxonomy … If part of the population is still hibernating, baiting is not effective. Near the top of the article is a map labelled Distribution of Wyoming Ground Squirrel in Colorado [or something like that], but I am quite sure the map is actually of prairie dog distribution in Colorado … Wyoming ground squirrels are found in Colorado, southern Wyoming, western Nebraska and Utah. Place bait (no more than 1 teaspoon per burrow) on the grass and allow it to fall to the ground. Two percent zinc phosphide is the only legal grain bait for control of Wyoming ground squirrels in Colorado. Conibear #110 body traps are useful early in the season when the squirrels have plenty of green forage available and are not easily enticed to baited traps. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Follow all label instructions for personal protective equipment, application timing, carcass surveillance and other instructions. Posts about wyoming ground squirrel written by Cindy Crosby. When walking through suspected plague areas, apply an insect repellent to socks and pant cuffs before tucking pants inside boots. Ground Squirrel Hunting Trips, Guides and Oufitters. Two percent zinc phosphide manufactured by Liphatech can be broadcast on non-crop rights-of-way. In addition to these pre- and post-trip inspections, a more in-depth annual inspection is required. Wyoming Ground Squirrel *Spermophilus elegans* These playful little critters make their homes in the ground as well as within rock piles They can be found in most of the meadows and hill sides within the … A squirrel in Colorado tested positive for the bubonic plague this weekend, the latest in an increase of reported plague activity in the state, according to KUSA.. But in addition to the lack of competition from other hunters, there are other reasons why I enjoy squirrel hunting during the winter months. When using rodenticides, always read and follow label instructions and other local regulations for proper use to minimize or eliminate off target harm to children, pets and wildlife. Wear proper protective clothing and equipment. Chipmunks can be live-trapped and relocated. by W.F. The following parts and accessories should be inspected and reported on: service brakes including trailer brake connections, parking (hand) brake, steering mechanism, lighting devices and reflectors, tires, horn, windshield wipers, rear vision mirrors, coupling devices, wheels and rims, and emergency equipment. Small, isolated colonies of Wyoming ground squirrels can be effectively controlled by shooting. Prebaiting with untreated, steam-rolled oats, barley or cracked corn two to three days before baiting improves bait acceptance. They also eat insects, including grasshoppers, crickets and caterpillars, and eggs from ground-nesting birds. Dog breeds that are quick hunters such as the Terriers, especially Jack Russells, and the Australian Shepards are the best breeds for decreasing squirrel populations. Wear rubber gloves to avoid contact with the chemical. NPS. http://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/citizens-guide-pest-control-and-pesticide-safety. Wyoming Ground Squirrel … Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. Some interesting historical information on ground squirrels … When dealing with any rodent problem, utilize all management techniques to resolve the problem and do not rely solely on rodenticides. Andelt, S.N. Baiting also is not effective late in the gestation period or shortly after the young are born because females are rarely above ground at that time. They are often … It prefers open sagebrush, grasslands and subalpine meadows. B. Range Extent. The species most commonly confused with chipmunks are the golden-mantled ground squirrel, which makes its home throughout the mountains, and the 13-lined ground squirrel… Trade names for aluminum phosphide include Phostoxin™, Gastoxin™ and Fumitoxin™. Colorado allows air gun hunting for certain species. Name: AEXT_ucsu206226505.pdf Size: 649.6Kb Format: PDF. The home range of ground squirrels is 0.1 – 7.9 ha. But the advance … Prebait with rolled oats, barley, or cracked corn at a rate of 4 pounds per acre two to four days prior to baiting. These species include: • Badger • Beaver • Bobcat • Cottontail Rabbit • Coyote • Dusky (Blue) … There is disagreement/confusion about this species as some sources state that this is the same species that used to be named a Richardson ground squirrel … In a very dry spring, control can continue from April until July because of the scarcity of green vegetation. The species occupies areas from 5,000 feet to above timberline in the north central and northwestern sections of Colorado. Colorado. I've identified a Wyoming ground squirrel on my property. The hydrogen phosphide gas produced by aluminum phosphide tablets is toxic to all forms of animal life. Rodenticides are meant to kill rodent species but will also kill other animals if used improperly. The Wyoming ground squirrel is one of six species of ground squirrels found in Colorado. Set the trap directly over the burrow opening to capture the squirrel as it emerges. Skip to content. The Wyoming ground squirrel resembles a miniature prairie dog in appearance and habits. Weigh negative aspects of ripping, such as cost, against the potential benefits of slower recolonization and reduced frequency of rodenticide use. #307 Abert's Squirrels 6 #308 Fox Squirrel and Pine Squirrels 6 #309 Wyoming (Richardson's) ground squirrel, black-tailed, white-tailed, and Gunnison prairie dogs 6 #310 Common Snapping Turtle 6 #311 … limits and hunting area restrictions/ boundaries in the regulations brochure online: cpw.state .co.us/Regulations SPECIES AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB SMALL-GAME ANIMALS Bobcat Rabbit, Hare Coyote Fox, Pine Squirrel Marmot Wyoming Ground Squirrel … Wyoming ground squirrels construct and live in underground burrows. Surviving squirrels from the first treatment sometimes become ill after eating bait. I will be going to Estes Park Colorado during the second week of March and I am wondering if it would be worthwhile to pack some airguns for hunting t Hunting Richardson's(Wyoming) Ground Squirrel - The Green Crosman Forum Mon - Sat from 11 am - 2 pm; Closed Sun. The best deer, elk, bear and other big game outfitters in Texas, Colorado and beyond are right here on Guidefitter. This method would be most effective in smaller areas where populations are 2-6 per acre. When using any rodenticide always read and follow the label and guidelines and be sure you understand them prior to use to minimize off target (i.e. In a year of average rainfall, begin poison grain control early in the spring, about one to two weeks after squirrels emerge from their burrows. Revised 3/16. Colorado hunting seasons, bagging totals and available licenses vary by region. The goal is not to eliminate the entire population, but to keep the population under control. Dogs and cats can in fact be very helpful in reducing ground squirrel populations. Reviewed by Sharon Bokan**. Make two copies of the report. Privacy Statement | These squirrels … Spermophilus elegans are also agricultural pests. Additionally, Colorado hunting seasons include several regional and special permit hunt times. They like mountain meadows at higher elevations. Read about some of the Ground Squirrel Hunts on my Hunting Stories Page Ground Squirrel Hunt, Bob's Ground Squirrel Hunt and Feeding the Birds. There are no stripes or spotting on the back. Zinc phosphide is a slow-acting toxicant that can be absorbed in small amounts through the skin. Always know your target and beyond. I am from MN, and used to hunt squirrels tons with my dad. Wyoming ground squirrels are medium-sized squirrels averaging between 10 and 12 inches in length. Additionally, Colorado hunting seasons include several regional and special permit hunt times. Shooting lowers the population by removing individuals and disrupting their life cycle. Wyoming ground squirrels have an underground burrow without the larger mounds, and most often what one sees is the ground squirrel darting into the hole for safety during the morning hours. Insert the number of tablets the label recommends as far back into the burrow as possible. Correct any defects or deficiencies before operating the vehicle again and note the corrections in the report. You’ll never eliminate all ground squirrels. They would LOVE to visit Enterprise & Joseph, Oregon in mid-May to early-June. Hunt prairie dogs, ground squirrels, or gophers on leased private ranch properties, you will be the only shooters when you come hunting. Apply bait only after all or most of the prebait is eaten, and only in areas where prebait is consumed. Once the fuse is burning well, gently slide the cartridge as far back into the burrow opening as possible. Use enclosed bait boxes or make sure rodenticide is deposited deep in the tunnel or locate rodenticides in locked areas inaccessible to children, pets or wildlife. Keep a log book if transporting aluminum phosphide over 100 air miles. Long-term trend in … Refine search Change Lone Wolf Guide Service. Keep the aluminum phosphide in the original canister and box. The trap should fit directly over the entrance and not allow the squirrel to walk around the edge of the trap. Several varieties of ground squirrels and their little cousins, chipmunks, are found locally. I initially discovered it squeezed into an enclosed mouse bait box immediately outside my house. The Wyoming ground squirrel resembles a miniature prairie dog in appearance and habits. As a rule, cartridges do not give satisfactory control if the soil is dry. Others exist in southern Idado, southern Oregon, and Northern Nevada. The Wyoming Ground Squirrel ranges from southwestern Montana to Colorado, with high numbers in Wyoming. Use fumigants when additional control is required. The squirrels enter their burrows in late July or early August and hibernate until the following March or April. This classification means that landowners must obtain private certification from the Colorado Department of Agriculture (www.colorado.gov/apps/cda/pesticide/applicator/licensing/welcome.jsf) 303-869-9064, before they can purchase or use these products. Several alternatives are available for Wyoming ground squirrel management. Where the Prairies Begin. Description: The Wyoming ground squirrel has ears that appear bigger than the typical ground squirrel, a fairly long tail that is light brown underneath and is edged with a light tan, it is grayish to light drab above with buffy flecks, and its belly is a dark cinnamon color. Poor results after baiting usually are due to improperly placed bait, failure to prebait, presence of green vegetation, or inactivity of a portion of the ground squirrel population. There are several species of ground squirrels in Colorado, ranging from the spotted ground squirrel on the Eastern Plains to the rock squirrels in the mesas and canyons of Western Colorado. William L. Burnett, Bulletin of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, 1931 This ground squirrel article is a stub. Ground squirrels … are rather large speckled gray or tan squirrels with a bushy tail. Wooden snap-type rat traps and modified pocket gopher traps also can be used. Colorado: Denver Museum of Nature & Science and University Press of Colorado. Traps can be purchased or ordered at hardware stores. The Wyoming ground squirrel (Urocitellus elegans formerly Spermophilus elegans) is one of six species of ground squirrels found in Colorado. We're here to help you plan your next hunting adventure. 1 Response. are small, short-grass prairie animals that resemble a pale, slender chipmunk. Exploring exterior and interior landscapes through the tallgrass prairie. Tuesdays in the Tallgrass. When green vegetation becomes scarce, the squirrels eat dry grasses and seeds. I am in the springs, but everything I have read thus far points to me heading towards the S platte SWA places. Here is more information on the Belding's Ground Squirrels. Positively identify the pest and determine all techniques that can be used to deter the pest such as habitat modification and exclusion. Aluminum phosphide is classified as a restricted use pesticide and gas cartridges are classified for general use. As soon as green vegetation becomes available, bait is less accepted. Bell Laboratories’ ZP Rodent Bait AG™, Liphatech’s Ridall-Zinc™ and Hacco’s Zinc Phosphide Oat Bait and Pellets™ are 2 percent zinc phosphide baits labeled for use in Colorado. Wyoming also has several species of gophers but these animals are seldom seen above ground. Wyoming ground squirrels (along with other ground squirrel species) have the potential to host fleas that transmit bubonic plague and Colorado … Wherever you live, Extension’s job is to determine what issues, concerns and needs are unique to each community, and offer sound and effective solutions. are found in rocky areas from Colorado Springs west all the way up to timberline. The species most commonly confused with chipmunks are the golden-mantled ground squirrel, which makes its home throughout the mountains, and the 13-lined ground squirrel, which lives in the grasslands of the eastern plains and the southwest. Home ; Tag Archives: wyoming ground squirrel. Plague is transmitted to humans via flea bites. Some interesting historical information on ground squirrels can be found in the publications Life-History Studies of the Wyoming Ground Squirrel (Citellus elegans elegans) in Colorado (1931), The Ground Squirrels of Colorado (1924), A Contribution to the Life History of the Wyoming Ground Squirrel (Citellus elegans) in Colorado … To achieve successful control in early spring, apply bait when the entire ground squirrel population is active. There are no stripes or spotting on the back. Unfortunately, there is no easy method for completely ridding your property of these pests. Scientific Name: Spermophilus elegans nevadensis, (kennicott, 1863) Classification: Sciuridae (family) ground squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots. Males usually come above ground one to three weeks before the females. Ground squirrels are herbivores but many of them have got omnivorous diet. Insert the sharp point part way and rotate it to loosen the contents so the cartridge will burn more rapidly. Part I. Learn more about us or about our partners. On rangelands, apply prebait and bait by hand in a 6-inch bait spot near each active burrow. High concentrations of Wyoming ground squirrels can pose a serious pest problem. When using poison grain baits follow the label to minimize or eliminate poisoning off-target species. The mounds of dirt that squirrels excavate to build burrows in hay fields can damage haying equipment and take fields out of production. Licenses must be applied for, and some are selected at random. Squirrels. Maybe that is why I like it. All other uses are permitted year round. If corn is used as bait, it should be cracked. Liphatech’s Ridall-Zinc™ is not registered for use on ornamentals and parks, and Bell’s ZP Rodent Bait AG™ and Hacco’s Zinc Phosphide Oat Bait and Pellets™ are not registered for use on non-crop rights-of-way. Life-history studies of the Wyoming ground squirrel (Citellus elegans elegans) in Colorado. … … Its fur is generally a brownish smoke-gray, with a dappled pattern of cinnamon-buff. Place traps on level ground within a few feet of burrows or other high-activity areas. Bats of the Rocky Mountain West; natural history, ecology, and conservation. The Wyoming ground squirrel (Urocitellus elegans formerly Spermophilus elegans) is one of six species of ground squirrels found in Colorado. *Reference: EPA Citizen’s Guide to Pesticide Safety http://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/citizens-guide-pest-control-and-pesticide-safety. ​All local ground squirrels and chipmunks are native in various habitats and all hibernate. Do not broadcast near homes or water, or on roads. The squirrel … raptors, dogs, and cats) poisoning. I will be going to Estes Park Colorado during the second week of March and I am wondering if it would be worthwhile to pack some airguns for hunting t Hunting Richardson's(Wyoming) Ground Squirrel - The … Ground squirrels, Wyoming (or Richardson’s) ground squirrel. Don’t smoke or eat while mixing or applying a rodenticide, and wash thoroughly after application. look like chipmunks on steroids. Feeding Ecology & Diet. Equal Opportunity | I thought abotu trying out holbrook swa, but … Ground squirrels can be found in various habitats across the state, including the spotted ground squirrel on the eastern plains, the rock squirrel on the western mesas, and the Wyoming ground squirrel in the mountains. Wyoming Ground Squirrel ©www.ndow.org. Managing Wyoming (Richardson's) ground squirrels in Colorado (Service in action) [William F Andelt] on Amazon.com. Live traps, limited to cage or box traps, for tree squirrels … Non-Discrimination Statement | Welcome to the Colorado Hunting Seasons page. 5 Outfitters that offer Ground Squirrel Hunting Trips, Guides and Oufitters found. Mammals of Colorado 2nd ed. Updated US Hunting Seasons for 2019-2020. Ground squirrels can be found in various habitats across the state, including the spotted ground squirrel on the eastern plains, the rock squirrel on the western mesas, and the Wyoming ground squirrel in the mountains. A 1-to-1 ratio usually means that females are active and baiting is appropriate. Wyoming ground squirrels can be confused with prairie dogs, especially Gunnison’s prairie dog. It can be distinguished from the Uinta ground squirrel … Formerly called “Richardson’s ground squirrel,” the Wyoming ground squirrel averages 10 to 15 inches long and weighs 9 to 14 ounces as an adult. The Wyoming Ground Squirrel is brown above , with gray on the shoulders, neck and head. Economic Importance for Humans: Negative. Aluminum phosphide and gas cartridges are registered for use in Colorado. If you have any questions, call Hazmat (Colorado State Patrol Hazardous Materials Section) at (303) 273-1900. The wyoming ground squirrel occurs in three distinct locations in the us, primarily in montana/idaho, wyoming/colorado, and nevada. They and. We have 3 regions; Peaks and Plains, Front Range and Western. Once this has been determined, refer to the appropriate fact sheet for management information: 6.507 Managing Voles in Colorado, 6.515 Managing Pocket G… Landowners should use multiple methods for squirrel management such as habitat modification, predators, exclusion, trapping and shooting.